Monday, December 30, 2019

The Chemistry Behind Glowsticks

Lightsticks or glowsticks are used by trick-or-treaters, divers, campers, and for decoration and fun! A lightstick is a plastic tube with a glass vial inside of it. In order to activate a lightstick, you bend the plastic stick, which breaks the glass vial. This allows the chemicals that were inside the glass to mix with the chemicals in the plastic tube. Once these substances contact each other, a reaction starts taking place. The reaction releases light, causing the stick to glow. A Chemical Reaction Releases Energy Some chemical reactions release energy; the chemical reaction in a lightstick releases energy in the form of light. The light produced by this chemical reaction is called chemiluminescence. Although the light-producing reaction is not caused by heat and may not produce heat, the rate at which it occurs is affected by temperature. If you place a lightstick in a cold environment (like a freezer), then the chemical reaction will slow down. Less light will be released while the lightstick is cold, but the stick will last much longer. On the other hand, if you immerse a lightstick in hot water, the chemical reaction will speed up. The stick will glow much more brightly but will wear out faster too. How Lightsticks Work There are three components of a lightstick. There need to be two chemicals that interact to release energy and also a fluorescent dye to accept this energy and convert it into light. Although there is more than one recipe for a lightstick, a common commercial lightstick uses a solution of hydrogen peroxide that is kept separate from a solution of a phenyl oxalate ester together with a fluorescent dye. The color of the fluorescent dye is what determines the resulting color of the lightstick when the chemical solutions are mixed. The basic premise of the reaction is that the reaction between the two chemicals releases enough energy to excite the electrons in the fluorescent dye. This causes the electrons to jump to a higher energy level and then fall back down and release light. Specifically, the chemical reaction works like this: The hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the phenyl oxalate ester, to form phenol and an unstable peroxyacid ester. The unstable peroxyacid ester decomposes, resulting in phenol and a cyclic peroxy compound. The cyclic peroxy compound decomposes to carbon dioxide. This decomposition reaction releases the energy that excites the dye.

Sunday, December 22, 2019

HEALTHCARE - 857 Words

HEALTHCARE FRAUD Abuse AND Prevention Health care fraud is a crime. Fraud is committed when a provider or patient intentionally submits false or misleading information to a health plan for use in determining the amount of health care benefits payable. As a Group Health member, there are steps you can take to prevent health care fraud and to report suspected fraud and abuse. There are a lot of things people can do to prevent Healthcare fraud some things that can be done Start by knowing your benefits and reading your Explanation of Benefits (EOB) statements and any paperwork received from Group Health Cooperative or your health care providers. Be wary of any free medical treatment, as these are usually signs. Rising costs of healthcare†¦show more content†¦Attempts to defraud the Medicare program may take a variety of forms. Billing for services or supplies that were not provided Altering claim forms to obtain a higher reimbursement amount deliberately applying for duplicate reimbursement in order to get paid twice Completing Certificates of Medical Necessity which is where the fraud starts in America. Fraud is a serious crime that should concern all parties of the U.S. health care system and is a costly reality that the government cannot overlook. While not all fraud can be prevented, by learning about the many different types of fraud, patients can be educated on how to protect themselves from fraud. If we use government programs to inform the public that they can be targeted, the dollar amount for these cases for fraud can be reduced. An informed public and a properly funded FBI will go a long ways in the overall crackdown of health care fraud. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is spending large amounts of its budget to crack down on health care fraud. Special units have been formed to help the FBI Crimes Section find these criminals and take them to court to seek proper punishment. Crimes are being committed by both providers and insurance companies on a daily basis. Moreover, their patients and subscribers areShow MoreRelatedHealthcare And The Healthcare System Essay1835 Words   |  8 PagesIt is said that a healthy nation is a wealthy nation. Healthcare is an important concern for every government as people get ill, accidents happen, emergencies arise and the health institutions are needed to diagnose, manage and treat the different types of ailments or diseases that may arise. The healthcare industry is divided into several areas in order to meet the health needs of anyone and everyone. All over the world, the healthcare structures are different to accommodate specific needs of theRead MoreHealthcare Systems And The Healthcare System939 Words   |  4 PagesWith every civilian in an industrialized country there is people who get sick, and or injured. When they get injured or sick they need medical attention and healthcare. A healthcare system is defined as ‘A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system or healthcare system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.’ With that help usually comes with a big bill for the services providedRead MoreHealthcare Systems Of The Healthcare System Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesHealthcare business comprises of various systems that focus to address the needs of clients and patients who entirely rely on the services of these facilities for prevention, treatment, and cure of diseases. 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Thus, sustainability of healthcare is criticalRead MoreHealthcare Organization Study: United Healthcare1682 Words   |  7 Pages Healthcare Organization Study: A Case Study over United Healthcare Grand Canyon University- NRS-451V March 30, 2014 Healthcare Organization Study: A Case Study over United Healthcare The United Healthcare is recognized as a â€Å"Charter Medical Incorporated founded by a group of physicians and other health care professionals† in 1974 used to expand health coverage choices for clients whose commission is â€Å"helping people live healthier lives and helping to make the health system workRead MoreHealthcare Plan For Managed Healthcare Organizations1328 Words   |  6 PagesThis assignment attempts to examine the merits and demerits of managed healthcare organizations in the light of recent revelations by Linda Peeno who have exposed the unethical practices within the managed care organizations in the US. The managed care organizations operate under private insurance. 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Saturday, December 14, 2019

Why I Hate Montclair Free Essays

When I first stepped onto the campus of Montclair State University, I knew it was a place for me. It was so beautiful and walking past the gorgeous, blooming flowers, in the middle of spring was breathtaking. I could imagine what being a student in the school would feel like and how quickly I could become accustom to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Hate Montclair or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unfortunately, I had to face the fact that it was all a dream and nothing was perfect as it seems. Even though Montclair State University has many great aspects, it also has negative aspects as well.The three most significant aspects of Montclair State University that I believe can be improved are parking, the shuttle bus, and the registration arrangement. One of the most important negative aspects that I dislike about Montclair State University is the parking system. Most students at the University are aware that parking is indeed very difficult and can be extremely stressful at times. The worst part is that freshman and sophomores are required to park at the transit deck which is about a ten to fifteen minute walk. Parking in the transit deck is very time-consuming, and usually the reason most students are late to their first class.Finding a good parking spot takes a lot of effort, and takes even more effort at certain times throughout the day. For example, if a student has an 8:30 class, it is extremely difficult to find a parking spot in the first, second, and even third floor. A student must circle around each floor and sometimes drive around the same floor of the deck twice in case they missed a spot. It is nearly impossible to find a perfect spot, so the only thing a person can do is to get the first spot available to them even if it is located in one of the highest floors.One must leave their house or apartment extra early especially if they have a morning class just to find parking. Truly, it does take a lot of time, and even worse when it is packed. All in all, parking is one of the aspects of Montclair that I was not expecting, but it is something that I must adapt to in order to continue making the most out of my college experience. Another aspect of Montclair State University which I truly dislike is the shuttle buses. These buses take freshman and sophomores from the transit deck to certain areas of the campus to save the ten to fifteen minute walk.Although that seems fair and organized, it actually is not. I can honestly say that sometimes walking is actually much faster and less time-consuming than actually taking the bus to campus. The bus is never accurate in its schedule and never comes when it’s supposed to. Sometimes students must wait at the shuttle bus stop from a range of five minutes to an hour for a shuttle to come. Therefore, on some days it is actually better to walk the mile rather than wait for a shuttle and be late to your next class.Taking a shuttle bus is the worst part of my day because not only do I have to wake up extra early in order to catch a shuttle bus and get to class on time, but I also have to wait for a shuttle bus after class ends. After a long day of classes, the first thing I think about is going home to take a nap. However, by the time I get home, it is usually too late to do anything because I have work to complete for the next day. All in all, shuttle buses are not as advantageous as they are supposed to be. Last but not least, the registration arrangement during registration time is something that I hate but try to understand.During the registration process, seniors get first pick and can choose from any courses they want. The next day, juniors get to pick from whatever courses are not closed and anything that the seniors did not take. The sophomores then follow the same arrangement and so on. The freshman or class of 2014 gets last pick and can only choose from whatever courses that may still be open, and are not closed by the seniors , juniors, and sophomores. The freshmen, like myself, not only get to pick last but find it impossible to make the perfect schedule.Most times, freshman must forget about their own preference and just take what they can get because unfortunately there are not many choices left by the time it is their turn. Therefore, there is not only competition of courses between freshman and the upperclassman, but also between freshman and themselves. By the end of the last day, students must choose from whatever classes are open even if it means they do not want or need that class. The registration arrangement makes the freshman’s year even more difficult by trying to find open classes to match their preferences.In conclusion, Montclair State University is kan excellent school which I am glad that I have the opportunity to attend. One of the things that I dislike about Montclair is the parking system. Another thing that I cannot stand is the shuttle buses. The shuttle buses can definitely be improved to be a more effective system and an easier system for all students. Finally, the registration arrangement is another thing that I loathe about Montclair. With that being said, Montclair State University is an exceptional school, but, like any other school, has room for improvement How to cite Why I Hate Montclair, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Fall Out Boy From Under the Cork Tree free essay sample

Fall Out Boy rocked the music scene with â€Å"From Under The Cork Tree† in May of 2005. It has the punk rock feel of their previous album, â€Å"Take This to Your Grave,† but also has a bit of a pop twist. This creates a very melodic sound that makes this album a stand out. You can see their increased maturity here, boasting clever lyrics about love, life, and fame. Every song has a catchy hook that will have you humming the tunes for hours. I believe this is Fall Out Boys best record. They had more time to record this, so it was better in every aspect, really solidifying the bands mainstream status. All the lyrics are written by bassist Pete Wentz, while the musical composing and writing is the creation of lead vocalist/guitarist Patrick Stump. The band slightly modified their sound but never got rid of the punk rock. We will write a custom essay sample on Fall Out Boy: From Under the Cork Tree or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You can hear remnants of their previous album in â€Å"Dance, Dance.† It has all the makings of a pop hit, but also the fast-paced rush of a punk rock track, and the two seem to mix very well. â€Å"Ive Got a Bad Idea and a Dark Alley That Says You Should Shut Your Mouth (Summer Song)† is a stripped down track. Stumps gentle singing about an aching heart slows the pace and soothes your ears without allowing any loss of interest. Anyone who enjoys punk rock, pop, or alternative rock will love this album. There is something for everyone in these 13 masterpieces. This is a trans-genre album, crossing over the heavier punk rock to a more melodic pop sound. If you liked Fall Out Boys previous album, youll love this one. Whether youre into pop, punk, alternative, or whatever, Id recommend this to anyone looking for a pleasurable musical experience.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Bartelby Essay Research Paper In the working free essay sample

Bartelby Essay, Research Paper In the working community there is no clip to make anything that International Relations and Security Network? t work related. There is nil more required from you other than to be obedient to your foreman and to work expeditiously so the company can make good. Harmonizing to one of Benjamin Franklin? s 13 virtuousnesss of industry, he said that one should: ? Lose no clip. Be ever employed in something utile. Cut of all unneeded actions. ? Hard work and dedication wages off when you are seeking to progress to a higher degree. However, there are some people in the industry that do merely the minimal work that is required and nil more because they see no promotion in their calling. In the industrial society there is some kind of clang between the work being preformed and how the individual works. In the novel Bartleby, the chief character demonstrated virtuousnesss similar to those of Franklin ; but, shortly digressed to a being who lost his psyche as he worked. We will write a custom essay sample on Bartelby Essay Research Paper In the working or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the beginning, Bartleby worked consequently to Franklin? s virtuousnesss. He worked by sunshine and candle flame demoing no mark of decelerating down. However, these actions were ephemeral. Bartleby shortly showed no involvement in his occupation any longer. He? preferred? non to make the things that his foreman told him to. Bartleby merely answered when he was spoken to and he kept to himself throughout the whole narrative. The storyteller recalled how he neer left the office for any ground and how he neer read. ? # 8230 ; yet I had neer seen him reading-no, non even a newspaper ; # 8230 ; ? ( 124 ) . The significance of the newspaper is to state the reader that Bartleby is no longer a portion of society. The intelligence go oning around him doesn? t concern him any longer. The storyteller tried to happen out more about Bartleby but failed. He merely replied that he preferred non to reply any of his inquiries. His actions were like that of a automaton. He answered without belie ving about what was asked. Bartleby worked in a small office with a little window offering no position at all. ? # 8230 ; a window which originally had afforded a sidelong position of certain grimy back paces and bricks, but which, owing to subsequent hard-ons, bid erectile dysfunction at present no position at all, though it gave some light. ? ( 114 ) . The position outside the window can be compared with Bartleby? s personality. His life was as dull and lifeless as the bricks outside his window. It is implied that when Bartleby stared at the walls that he related to it being dull and lifeless and holding no significance in life. If one looked at Bartleby, one would see emptiness about him. Towards the terminal of the narrative, the storyteller finds out that Bartleby antecedently worked at a Dead Letter Office in Washington. The word? dead? gives the reader a sense of a dark and glooming topographic point where people with no psyche stop up. This is where all the undeliverable mail goes. The people who worked in this office were the 1s who lost their psyches to work. The mail represents the people who have no function in society and are reasonably much useless. This environment in which Bartleby worked played an of import portion in his features while working for the storyteller. He learned in the Dead Letter Office that there is nil to look frontward to if he kept working. The work that he was making was a waste of clip for him so he stopped it wholly. The storyteller had no other pick other than to fire him, but Bartleby refused to go forth. He tried to assist Bartleby on several occasions but by that point anything that was said to him didn? t registry. Since the storyteller saw there was no manner he could assist him, he moved his concern elsewhere go forthing Bartleby behind. Bartleby continued to remain on the premises until the new proprietors of the edifice had him sent to gaol. There, Bartleby continued a life style of making nil and declining to eat. He finally died lying following to a wall with his caput tilting against the rocks. The fictional character Bartleby represents the working category in the industrial society. It is an hyperbole of what happens to person if they don? t employ themselves in something utile, like Ben Franklin did. Bartleby followed Ben Franklin? s virtuousnesss in the beginning and impressed his foreman but the environment of the Dead Letter Office came back to stalk him in the workplace.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Timeline of Major Events in the History of Persia

Timeline of Major Events in the History of Persia This Persia timeline of major events is based on a Library of Congress Persia timeline. For an introduction to this area now generally known as Iran see Extent of the Persian Empire: An Introduction to Ancient Persia and the Persian Empire. Iran (Persia) Timeline of Important Events Early Historyc. 3400 B.C.Elamite kingdom emerges in southwestern Iran and Mesopotamia.c. 2000 B.C.Nomadic peoples Scythians, Medes, and Persians move from Central Asia to Iranian plateau. [See Tribes of the Ancient Steppes.]6th Century B.C.c. 553-550 B.C. Cyrus II (Cyrus the Great) overthrows Median king; becomes ruler of Persia and Media; founds Achaemenid Empire.539 B.C.Cyrus captures Babylon, releases Jews from captivity.525 B.C.Cyruss son Cambyses II conquers Egypt.522 B.C.Darius I becomes king; re-establishes and extends empire, carries out administrative reorganization.5th Century B.C.490 B.C. Darius invades Greek mainland; defeated at the Battle of Marathon.4th Century B.C.334 B.C. Alexander the Great begins Persian campaign; completes conquest of Persia and Mesoptamia, 330 B.C.323 B.C.Death of Alexander; division of empire among generals; Seleucids emerge as principal heirs in Iran.3rd Century B.C.247 B.C. Parthians overthrow Seleucids; establish own dynasty.3rd Century A.D .A.D. 224 Ardeshir overthrows last Parthian ruler; establishes Sassanian dynasty with capital at Ctesiphon.A.D. 260Shahpur I wages campaign against Romans, takes emperor Valerian captive. 7th Century637 Muslim armies capture Ctesiphon, Sassanian Empire begins to crumble.641-42 Sassanian army defeated at Nahavand; Iran comes under Muslim rule. Related AchaemenidsSeleucidsThe Parthian EmpireThe SassanidsProblems of Historical Evidence About Ancient PersiaTimeline of the Greco-Persian Wars

Thursday, November 21, 2019

World War One and its Aftermath, Extract from the Treaty of Versailles Essay

World War One and its Aftermath, Extract from the Treaty of Versailles (1919) - Essay Example notes, as does other writers in this field, that the chief architects instrumental in designing this peace deal – a deal which bashed Germany on the face and left her drop on a myriad of problems, acted so on pressure from the electorates of their respective nations. George Clemenceau- the French Prime Minister, Woodrow Wilson-the American President Vittorio Orlando-the Italian Prime Minister and David Lloyd- the British Prime Minister were the four members of council that deliberated on the peace deal. It is important to point out that Germany was excluded from the talks and their fate was determined by the council of four2. Kitchen seems to employ a neutral ground rather than that of criticism in his articulation of facts and opinions. He appears not to be holding belligerent views with other writers on this topic but instead, concurs to a larger extent with what is in other texts. His focus is on a sober audience who intends to find out historical facts free from personal prejudice and judgment, something, which I believe, is the underlying drive for this work. One exception though, he doesn’t seem to agree with those who are quick to blame the Versailles treaty as the direct cause of world war two. He instead has Hitler and his limitless ambitions to blame. The culmination of the bloody war which had far reaching effects on nations and humanity, which defied definitive calculation, came to a halt with the signing of the peace agreement on 28th of June 1919 in Paris, France. This was the peace treaty with Germany.3 Best 1984 p2 ,points out that there were other lesser treaties with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey. The former, he confirms, was crafted by the four council members while the latter was left to the government officials and inter-Allied agencies. What then were the outcomes of the Versailles Treaty? There is a general consensus in the works of many writers that the end result of the treaty was nothing to be desired by the Germans.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Consumers and Markets Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumers and Markets - Coursework Example Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 PRESTCOM Analysis 5 Political 5 Regulatory 6 Economic 6 Social 7 Technology 7 Competitive 8 Organisational 8 Marketing 9 SWOT Analysis 10 Strength 12 Weaknesses 12 Opportunity 13 Threat 13 Conclusion 14 References 15 Bibliography 16 Introduction The computer games market in the entire world is worth about 27 billion USD in a year and it is experiencing a rapid growth. Sony entered into gaming market in the year 1994. The concept of PlayStation was originally discovered by joint partnership of Sony and Nintendo in late 1980s. However, when they wanted to announce their new hardware, Nintendo re-read the earlier contract and found the agreement to be unsatisfactory. Thus, Sony Corp. began working on their previous research and developed the PlayStation. Hardcore gamers are the major customers of PS3. The PS3 targets customer, who are usually 15 to 30 years. As the PS3 support the Blu–ray, secondary customer s are also interested in PS3 because of its HD video quality (Brainmoats, 2008). PRESTCOM Analysis PRESTCOM analysis of Sony will help in analysing the external factors of their business. It helps to understand the new legislation and regulation of government, various business restrictions, and laws relating to tax, VAT, social change and technological factors. It is also used for market analysis. This will help the company to run the business properly. Company can develop new strategies according to the changes in business environment and develop productivity as well. The company can advertise their products and promote their brand. PRESTCOM analysis helps the company to predict the near future condition of business by using political, regulatory, social, economic, technological, competitive, organisational and marketing factors (Maqsood, 2010). Political Political factors consist of the laws of government and pressure group. It affects the company and company’s business in a provided market environment. The policy and rules of government can affect the productivity of Sony Corp. Sony Corp. must need to take permission from the government of a country where it is manufacturing its products. Sony Corporation must develop new innovations to stay ahead of its competitors. Many global policies and laws can affect the company’s regular operation. Government of any country can change or enact various trade restrictions which can make it difficult for products of Sony to survive in the industry. It can change the way Sony works. Government can raise various tax rates such as VAT, Sales tax, Income tax, minimum wage rates, which can hamper the company’s sales. Therefore, the company must prepare for any kind of circumstances (Maqsood, 2010). Regulatory There are various rules and regulations which can affect the company’s productivity. These are: Trade and Business restriction, Returning of product and Warranty regulations. Employment law is also an important factor. It can determine the cost of the product in a specific country. Appreciation of currency plays a significant role in company’s business. For example Sony’s hardware sales decreased because of appreciation of

Monday, November 18, 2019

IC responces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IC responces - Essay Example The accuracy of this strategy has also been cited as exceptional. This particular intelligence would also be the most suitable INT system to be used in the denied areas in China. Cyber intelligence has been on the rise in the modern century. Traditional organizations to war are easily being replaced by the modern means of approach to war and intelligence. However, CYBINT has not yet been recognized as a mandatory requirement in gathering intelligence. Most governments still value the use of the traditional disciplines to war or gathering intelligence. CYBINT has however been created but nations are reluctant to put it into practice. With the globe experiencing technological change, it won’t be long until CYBINT becomes the most significant security agency in the United States. Channeling this change would be the increased in high tech crimes and advanced threat to security. Sternberg argues that technological advances will permanently replace the tactical approaches used today

Friday, November 15, 2019

Assembler Directives of 8086 Microprocessor

Assembler Directives of 8086 Microprocessor INTRODUCTION: Assembly languages are low-level languages for programming computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other IC. They implement a symbolic representation of the numeric machine Codes and other constants needed to program a particular CPU architecture. This representation is usually defined by the hardware manufacturer, and is based on abbreviations that help the programmer to remember individual instructions, registers. An assembler directive is a statement to give direction to the assembler to perform task of the assembly process. It control the organization if the program and provide necessary information to the assembler to understand the assembly language programs to generate necessary machine codes. They indicate how an operand or a section of the program is to be processed by the assembler. An assembler supports directives to define data, to organise segments to control procedure, to define macros. It consists of two types of statements: instructions and directives. The instructions are translated to the machine code by the assembler whereas directives are not translated to the machine codes. Assembler Directives of the 8086 Microprocessor (a) The DB directive (b) The DW directive (c) The DD directive (d) The STRUCT (or STRUC) and ENDS directives (counted as one) (e)The EQU Directive (f)The COMMENT directive (g)ASSUME (h) EXTERN (i) GLOBAL (j) SEGMENT (k)OFFSET (l) PROC (m)GROUP (n) INCLUDE Data declaration directives: 1. DB The DB directive is used to declare a BYTE -2-BYTE variable A BYTE is made up of 8 bits. Declaration examples: Byte1 DB 10h Byte2 DB 255 ; 0FFh, the max. possible for a BYTE CRLF DB 0Dh, 0Ah, 24h ;Carriage Return, terminator BYTE 2. DW The DW directive is used to declare a WORD type variable A WORD occupies 16 bits or (2 BYTE). Declaration examples: Word DW 1234h Word2 DW 65535; 0FFFFh, (the max. possible for a WORD) 3. DD The DD directive is used to declare a DWORD A DWORD double word is made up of 32 bits =2 Words or 4 BYTE. Declaration examples: Dword1 DW 12345678h Dword2 DW 4294967295 ;0FFFFFFFFh. 4. STRUCT and ENDS directives to define a structure template for grouping data items. (1) The STRUCT directive tells the assembler that a user defined uninitialized data structure follows. The uninitialized data structure consists of a combination of the three supported data types. DB, DW, and DD. The labels serve as zero-based offsets into the structure. The first elements offset for any structure is 0. A structure element is referenced with the base + operator before the elements name. A Structure ends by using the ENDS directive meaning END of Structure. Syntax: STRUCT Structure_element_name element_data_type? . . . . . . . . . ENDS (OR) STRUC Structure_element_name element_data_type? . . . . . . . . . ENDS DECLARATION: STRUCT Byte1 DB? Byte2 DB? Word1 DW? Word2 DW? Dword1DW? Dword2 DW? ENDS Use OF STRUCT: The STRUCT directive enables us to change the order of items in the structure when, we reform a file header and shuffle the data. Shuffle the data items in the file header and reformat the sequence of data declaration in the STRUCT and off you go. No change in the code we write that processes the file header is necessary unless you inserted an extra data element. (5) The EQU Directive The EQU directive is used to give name to some value or symbol. Each time the assembler finds the given names in the program, it will replace the name with the value or a symbol. The value can be in the range 0 through 65535 and it can be another Equate declared anywhere above or below. The following operators can also be used to declare an Equate: THIS BYTE THIS WORD THIS DWORD A variable declared with a DB, DW, or DD directive has an address and has space reserved at that address for it in the .COM file. But an Equate does not have an address or space reserved for it in the .COM file. Example: A Byte EQU THIS BYTE DB 10 A_ word EQU THIS WORD DW 1000 A_ dword EQU THIS DWORD DD 4294967295 Buffer Size EQU 1024 Buffer DB 1024 DUP (0) Buffed_ ptr EQU $ ; actually points to the next byte after the; 1024th byte in buffer. (6) Extern: It is used to tell the assembler that the name or label following the directive are I some other assembly module. For example: if you call a procedure which is in program module assembled at a different time from that which contains the CALL instructions ,you must tell the assembler that the procedure is external the assembler will put information in the object code file so that the linker can connect the two module together. Example: PROCEDURE -HERE SEGMENT EXTERN SMART-DIVIDE: FAR ; found in the segment; PROCEDURES-HERE PROCEDURES-HERE ENDS (7) GLOBAL: The GLOBAL directive can be used in place of PUBLIC directive .for a name defined in the current assembly module; the GLOBAL directive is used to make the symbol available to the other modules. Example: GLOBAL DIVISOR: WORD tells the assembler that DIVISOR is a variable of type of word which is in another assembly module or EXTERN. (8) SEGMENT: It is used to indicate the start of a logical segment. It is the name given to the the segment. Example: the code segment is used to indicate to the assembler the start of logical segment. (9) PROC: (PROCEDURE) It is used to identify the start of a procedure. It follows a name we give the procedure. After the procedure the term NEAR and FAR is used to specify the procedure Example: SMART-DIVIDE PROC FAR identifies the start of procedure named SMART-DIVIDE and tells the assembler that the procedure is far. (10) NAME: It is used to give a specific name to each assembly module when program consists of several modules. Example: PC-BOARD used to name an assembly module which contains the instructions for controlling a printed circuit board. (11) INCLUDE: It is used to tell the assembler to insert a block of source code from the named file into the current source module. This shortens the source module. An alternative is use of editor block command to cop the file into the current source module. (12) OFFSET: It is an operator which tells the assembler to determine the offset or displacement of a named data item from the start of the segment which contains it. It is used to load the offset of a variable into a register so that variable can be accessed with one of the addressed modes. Example: when the assembler read MOV BX.OFFSET PRICES, it will determine the offset of the prices. (13) GROUP: It can be used to tell the assembler to group the logical segments named after the directive into one logical group. This allows the contents of all he segments to be accessed from the same group. Example: SMALL-SYSTEM GROUP CODE, DATA, STACK-SEG.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

A Comparison of the Runes and Magic in Beowulf and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing Runes and Magic in Beowulf and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are runes and magic in the narratives of the poem Beowulf and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki, an Iceland saga representing 1000 years of oral traditions prior to the 1300’s when it was written.    Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon narrative poem whose oral traditions date back to the sixth century (Ward v1,ch3,s3,n11). Beowulf opens with a short account of the victorious Danish king Scyld Scefing, whose pagan ship-burial is described. His body was carried on board a ship, piled up with arms and treasures: the ship passed out to sea, whence Scyld had arrived to the Danes as an abandoned child – a likely indication of a charmed, magical life. In The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki we meet Yrsa (also found in Beowulf), who is an impoverished child of uncertain birth (Byock xi); she later becomes queen – another charmed life. But re,markably she grows into one of the few women in the saga who do not employ magic. In Beowulf the reigns of Scyld’s son and grandson, Beowulf and Healfdene, are mentioned, and we then meet Hrothgar, the son of Healfdene. In The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki we also meet a Hrothgar, but his name is abbreviated into Hroar. He and his brother Helgi saw th eir father, King Halfdan, killed by King Frodi, who would have killed the two sons except for the magic of the commoner Vifil with whom they were hiding. King Frodi, in his attempt to kill them, â€Å"sought the aid of seeresses and soothsayers,† and when that failed, of â€Å"sorcerers† (2). But the magic of Vifil was so strong that it obscured the supernatural vision of the women (witches?); Vifil knew that â€Å"powerful spirits have visited the island [where he lived] (3) and thus saved Helgi and Hroar. Later Hroar is a notable figure, just as in Beowulf, ruling over the northern English kingdom of Northumberland until forced into a disastrous conflict. Meanwhile, as kids, Hroar and Helgi’s sister, Signy, manifests an uncanny poetic ability of speaking in beautiful verses when Jarl Saevil is escorting a group to King Frodi’s celebration; to me this seems magical. At Frodi’s feast a seeres named Heid is placed high up on a trance platform and a sked to reveal any information about Hroar and Helgi.